Masterforex indonesia earthquake

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Popular Search Terms strategi forex xm forex strategi forex terbaik xm indonesia xemarket indikator forex terbaik xm forex penipu teknik scalping terbaik ib xm xemarketsforex com. The northern section of the Sunda megathrust ruptured over a length of 1, km mi. This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, destroying the nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga. The Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock , preceding the main event by over two years.

Their seismic moments can account for a significant fraction of the global seismic moment across century-scale periods. Of all the moment released by earthquakes in the years from through , roughly one eighth was due to the Indian Ocean earthquake. This quake, together with the Great Alaskan earthquake and the Great Chilean earthquake , account for almost half of the total moment.

The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. In comparison to the Indian Ocean earthquake, the death toll from these earthquakes was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas, the much greater distances to more populated coasts, and the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs More Economically Developed Countries such as Japan.

All of them are believed to be greater than magnitude 9, but no accurate measurements were available at the time. An estimated 1, km 1, mi of fault surface slipped or ruptured about 15 m 50 ft along the subduction zone where the Indian Plate slides or subducts under the overriding Burma Plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over several minutes: Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture about km mi long and km 60 mi wide, 30 km 19 mi beneath the sea bed—the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake.

The rupture proceeded at about 2. After a pause of about another seconds, the rupture continued northwards towards the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2. The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive volatiles out of the subducting plate.

These volatiles rise into the overlying plate, causing partial melting and the formation of magma. The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth's crust through volcanoes in the form of a volcanic arc.

As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the Indian Ocean earthquake resulted in a rise of the seafloor by several metres, displacing an estimated 30 km3 7. The waves radiated outwards along the entire 1, km 1, mi length of the rupture acting as a line source. This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the seafloor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.

The magnitude 8. Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6. A week after the earthquake, its reverberations could still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the Earth's interior. The Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8. This is unusual since earthquakes of magnitude eight or more occur only about once per year on average. Geological Survey sees no evidence of a causal relationship between these events.

The seismic waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet, as far away as the U. The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicentre in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude signal is that of the compressional P wave , which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet the antipode ; in this case near Ecuador. The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about minutes.

The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador , and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about minutes. A major aftershock magnitude 7. The aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances but is dwarfed by the mainshock. The shift of mass and the massive release of energy slightly altered the Earth's rotation.

Weeks after the earthquake, theoretical models suggested the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2. Similarly, the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to 15 m 50 ft , will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake. There was 10 m 33 ft movement laterally and 4—5 m 13—16 ft vertically along the fault line.

Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south-west of Sumatra, which is on the Burma Plate the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate , might have moved south-west by up to 36 m ft , but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about 0.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands appear to have shifted south-west by around 1. The survey, conducted using a high-resolution, multi-beam sonar system, revealed that the earthquake had made a considerable impact on the topography of the seabed. One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some m ft high and 2 km 1. The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tonnes, as far as 10 km 6 mi across the seabed.

An oceanic trench several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the understanding of the earthquake and tsunami. Tsunami The tsunami's propagation took 5 hours to reach Western Australia, 7 hours to reach the Arabian Peninsula, and did not reach the South African coast until nearly 11 hours after the earthquake The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean.

A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a teletsunami and is much more likely to be produced by the vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of 24 m 80 ft when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 m ft in some areas when travelling inland.

In many places, the waves reached as far as 2 km 1. Bangladesh , which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal , had few casualties despite being a low-lying country relatively near the epicentre. It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone, greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region.

Average height of the waves Coasts that have a landmass between them and the tsunami's location of origin are usually safe; however, tsunami waves can sometimes diffract around such landmasses. Thus, the state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts.

Distance alone was no guarantee of safety, as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away. Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines. Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast.

The tsunami was noticed as far as Struisbaai in South Africa, about 8, km 5, mi away, where a 1. It took a relatively long time to reach Struisbaai at the southernmost point of Africa, probably because of the broad continental shelf off South Africa and because the tsunami would have followed the South African coast from east to west.

The tsunami also reached Antarctica, where tidal gauges at Japan's Showa Base recorded oscillations of up to a metre 3 ft 3 in , with disturbances lasting a couple of days. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver , which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean.